The Effect of Temperament Systems on Emotion Induction and Verbal Identification Performance of Makams in Turkish Makam Music

There are various musical features that are yet to be studied in music with regard to cognitive processing and emotional meaning. This thesis aimed to explore one of these features – the effect of the temperament system on emotion induction and verbal identification performance in Turkish makam music. In particular, employing the assumptions of statistical learning in music and music expectation theories which argue that listeners anticipate most strongly the sound sequences to which they have been most frequently exposed. This exploratory aim was investigated in three different experiments. The first experiment explored whether presenting an unfamiliar tonal context within a culturally and formally familiar and unfamiliar temperament system might cause different reactions in terms of the emotion induction of that unfamiliar tonal context and verbal identification of presented musical structure. Moreover, the first experiment also served as a pilot study that tested the thesis’s preliminary predictions and the proposed method. The second experiment investigated the first experiments’ findings by extending exposure time and using novel stimuli. Furthermore, Experiment 2 also included another experimental paradigm to test whether the surrounding musical/cultural environment might affect the participants’ experience of temperament systems even though they were educated in the Western music tradition. While the previous two experiments indicated a potential effect of veridical expectations while experiencing temperament systems, the third experiment aimed to explore the existence of temperament systems in schematic expectations. Overall, the findings of the thesis indicated that the intensity of emotions differed according to the familiar and unfamiliar temperament systems; familiar temperament systems induced more vitality when compared to unfamiliar temperament systems. Furthermore, the experience of uneasy emotions (e.g. sadness, tension) was congruent between the type of ear training course and type of stimulus temperament. However, the congruency effect was not observed in all conditions and differed according to the ear training course, temperament system and country variables. On the other hand, neither temperament systems nor temperament-based ear training courses influenced the verbal identification performance. Also, the ‘goodness-of-fit’ ratings indicated that temperament systems might be encoded in schematic memory as a consequence of statistical exposure and might be stronger in smaller intervals and when combined with a familiar syntax. While there were no constant findings that temperament systems are in place in all situations, the findings indicated that temperament systems are a musical component that might independently influence emotion induction in music

Temperament Systems Influence Emotion Induction but not Makam Recognition Performance in Turkish Makam Music

We tested how induced emotions and Turkish makam recognition are influenced by participation in an ear training classes, and if either is influenced by the temperament system employed. The ear training class was attended by 19 music students and was based on the Hicaz makam presented as a between-subjects factor in either unfamiliar Turkish Original Temperament (OT, pitches unequally divided into 24 intervals) or familiar Western Equal Temperament (ET, pitches equally divided into 12 intervals). Before the and after the class, participants listened to 20 music excerpts from five different Turkish makams (in both OT and ET versions). Emotion-induction was assessed via GEMS-25, and participants were also asked to identify the makam that was present in the excerpt. The unfamiliar original temperament was experienced as less vital and more uneasy before the ear training class, and recognition of the Hicaz makam increased after ear training classes (independent of the temperament system employed). Results suggest that unfamiliar temperament systems are experienced as less vital and more uneasy. Furthermore, being exposed to this temperament system for just one hour does not seem to be enough to change participants’ mental representations of it or their emotional responses to it

Irbesartan has a masking effect on dipyridamole stress induced myocardial perfusion defects

Background and aim The angiotensin 11 type 1 (AT(1)) receptor antagonist irbesartan is used for the treatment of hypertension, but its anti-ischaemic effect is not yet known. Our aim was to assess the effect of irbesartan administration on the diagnostic yield of Tc-99m sestamibi single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) after dipyridamole stress

Omitting routine gastric residual checks may help to accelerate enteral feeds and postnatal growth in stable preterm infants

Background The prefeed gastric residual check (GRC) when increasing the amounts of feeds given via orogastric and nasogastric tubes as a precaution for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and intestinal intolerance is a routine procedure. However, it is mostly misleading, and recently, there has been a tendency not to check prefeed residuals. Methods We changed our nutrition protocol at the end of 2018 to start minimal enteral feeds (MEFs) and increase feeds without GRCs. We investigated the effects on the incidence of NEC, complications, time to reach full feeds, and growth parameters Results We compared the results of 60 preterm infants at <= 35 weeks' gestational age (group 1: 2016-2017, cared for with GRC) and 77 preterm infants (group 2: 2019, without routine GRCs). No differences in incidence of NEC and complications were observed. Group 2 started enteral feeds 3 days earlier, reached total feeds 6 days earlier (P < 0.01), and had higher weight (P < 0.01) and head circumference gain (P < 0.01). Extrauterine growth restriction was significantly less for head circumference and also insignificantly less for weight and height. Conclusion We conclude that starting MEFs earlier and omitting routine GRCs in clinically stable preterm infants accelerate enteral feeds and growth parameters

Vitamin D Deficiency in Premature Infants and Its Effects on Neonatal Prognosis

WOS: 000429850300007Aim: In the present study, the relationship between neonatal morbidity and cord vitamin D levels is investigated. Materials and Methods: Premature infants who were born before 32 weeks of gestation and admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit between January 2014 and January 2015 were included in the study. Vitamin D levels in the cord blood of infants were measured. Serum calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levels were recorded in the first 24 hours. All neonates were followed up for neonatal morbidities until discharge. Results: The mean gestational age of the study subjects was 29.2 +/- 2.6 (23-32). The mean vitamin D level was 27.4 +/- 19.3 ng/mL (4-76). Fourteen (46.7%) infants had normal vitamin D levels; 2 infants (6.7%) had vitamin D insufficiency (20-30 ng/mL), 14 infants (46.7%) had vitamin D deficiency (< 20 ng/mL), and 7 infants had severe vitamin D deficiency (23.3%). In 60% of infants with intrauterine growth restriction had vitamin D deficiency of p< 0.05. Serum phosphorus levels on the first day of life were significantly lower in infants with vitamin D deficiency (p< 0.001). Conclusion: In more than half of the study population vitamin D deficiency was determined. Infants with intrauterine growth restriction had vitamin D deficiency in more than half of the cases. Low levels of phosphorus may be a marker of vitamin D deficiency in the first days of life